When you reach for that little bottle of essential oil, ever wondered where those aromatic drops come from?
It’s not just about distilling plants; there’s an intricate, natural essential oils online process behind it. So, let’s dive into the fascinating journey of how essential oils are born from various parts of a plant.
How Do Essential Oils Evolve?
First off, did you know that essential oils are the result of millions of years of plant evolution? They didn’t just pop up overnight; they’ve been evolving for millions of years. Some of the first plants to produce these oils belonged to the Coniferae family, which includes species like pine, cypress, and juniper.
But here’s where it gets interesting—once flowering plants started to emerge, there was a massive explosion of aromatic essences. Around this time, mammals (like us!) first appeared on Earth, and the relationship between plants and animals started to develop in exciting ways.
What are essential oils really? In simple terms, they’re the product of photosynthesis, which is how plants use sunlight to generate energy. With the help of various enzyme reactions, plants take basic ingredients and create an almost endless variety of aromatic compounds.
And it doesn’t stop there—these aromatic compounds are usually produced at the tail end of the plant’s metabolic pathways, meaning they’re made when the plant is using up the last of its available energy.
Ever wonder why the same essential oil can smell slightly different from one batch to another? It turns out, the amount of energy a plant needs to produce these aromatic compounds can fluctuate depending on the weather. For instance, lavender oil from a rainy year in the south of France will have a different composition—and thus a different scent—than lavender from a sunnier year. The reason? The plant didn’t have as much energy to put into producing certain compounds.
Now, let’s talk about where these aromatic essences live within the plant. They’re not just floating around freely—plants are smarter than that! Essential oils are carefully produced by specialised cells and stored in specific containers within the plant. It’s kind of like how our bodies work with hormones.
Our endocrine glands only produce hormones when they’re needed because they’re far too powerful to be floating around all the time. The same goes for plants, and their essential oils—these compounds are too potent to be left unchecked!
The Secret World of Plant Organs and Their Role in Essential Oils
Plants have specialised “organs” (much like we do) that produce and store essential oils. There are three primary categories where these oils are found:
1. Glandular Hairs
Did you know that plants have tiny, hair-like structures that play a big role in their survival? These are called glandular hairs, and they can vary in size. For example, common Sage has long “fuzzy” leaves, while plants like Oregano have smaller glandular scales. But what’s fascinating is that these structures hold essential oils in special cells.When the oils are ready, the hairs burst, releasing the oils into the air and onto the plant. This does wonders for the plant—it helps defend against microorganisms, animals, and insects. For flowers, it even attracts pollinators!
You’ll find glandular hairs in plants from the Lamiaceae family (like Thyme, Rosemary, and Oregano), the Asteraceae family (such as Yarrow and Roman Chamomile), and even plants like Marijuana in the Moraceae family. It's incredible how nature works!
2. Oil Glands
Ever wondered where the essential oils in plants actually come from? It’s all about the oil glands!Some plants, like Eucalyptus globulus, have oil glands inside their leaves. You won’t smell the aroma right away unless you crush the leaf, releasing the scent. Plants with glandular hairs, on the other hand, are more obvious—you can smell them just by picking them up!
Take an Eucalyptus leaf, for instance. If you hold it up to the light, you can see tiny pouches of essential oil called schizogene glands. These glands aren’t just found in leaves. You’ll also find them in the wood of plants like Sandalwood and Rosewood and in the roots of Ginger and Vetiver.
Schizogene glands exist across many plant families, including Geranium, Tea Tree, and even the Damask Rose.
But what about citrus fruits? The little dimples on an orange peel are actually oil sacs! As the fruit matures, essential oils are produced and stored in these sacs, ready to be released when the peel is punctured or crushed.
So, next time you enjoy a whiff of your favourite essential oil, remember—it all started with these amazing oil glands hidden within the plant!
3. Glandular Canals
Let’s talk about how essential oils are created within plants. One fascinating process happens through glandular canals. These are channels where essential oil-producing cells line up and secrete oils and resins into ducts.
A great example can be seen in Pine species. If you’ve ever noticed resin oozing out of a freshly cut pine tree, you’re seeing the essential oils and resins flowing through concentric circles, which are the resin-producing channels in the wood.
Plants like Siberian Fir, Atlas Cedar, and Spruce (like Black Spruce from Canada) belong to the Abietaceae family, and all use glandular canals to produce their essential oils. Similarly, plants from the Apiaceae family, such as Celery, Fennel, and Parsley, also have these channels, typically found in their hollow stems.
What’s even more intriguing is that essential oil glands can be located in various parts of the plant. From leaves like Geranium and Tea Tree to roots like Ginger and Vetiver, and even in the bark of Cinnamon, these oils are naturally produced in different plant structures.
So, whether you’re diffusing Sandalwood or adding a drop of Patchouli to your skincare routine, it’s amazing to think about how nature has crafted these essential oils through intricate glandular canals, providing us with a vast array of aromatic wonders!
Which Parts of Plants Hold Essential Oils?
Essential oils can be found in almost any part of a plant. From the leaves, flowers, and seeds to roots and bark—each part has the potential to contain these aromatic wonders. Here’s a breakdown of where essential oils are sourced:
- Leaves: Geranium, Eucalyptus, Tea Tree, Basil
- Flowers: Roses, Jasmine, Chamomile
- Barks: Cinnamon
- Roots: Ginger, Vetiver
- Fruits and Seeds: Citrus peels like Mandarin, Coriander seeds, Nutmeg
Some plants are overachievers, producing different essential oils from different parts. Take the bitter orange tree: its flowers give us neroli oil, the leaves produce petitgrain oil, and the fruit peel yields bitter orange oil. How cool is that?
Timing is Everything!
It’s not just about which part of the plant you harvest; when you do, it matters, too. The time of year or even time of day can drastically change the composition of the oil. For example, roses are picked early in the morning when the oil concentration is highest before the sun’s heat causes it to evaporate.
And this leads us to a critical point—plants, much like people, have their rhythms. Harvesting at the right moment ensures the oils are at their most potent, which is why experts pay such close attention to timing.